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Europium vs Thorium

Europium
Thorium
Thorium vs Europium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440531  
34
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1896  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
36
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
822.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,320.00 m/s  
4
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.83  
19
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Eu  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
63  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
63  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
89  
39
142  
16
Number of Electrons
63  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm  
22
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Samarium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Gadolinium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)  
36
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm  
19
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
35
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.15  
35
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.24  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
15
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,099.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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