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Europium vs Thorium

Europium
Thorium
Thorium vs Europium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu  
Th  
Group Number
Not Available  
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440531  
34
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
1
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1896  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %  
27
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000005 %  
27
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
36
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
Not Available  
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
822.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available  
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
390.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa  
34
295.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Eu  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.30  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01  
22
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.11  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available  
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr  
33
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
63  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
63  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
89  
38
142  
15
Number of Electrons
63  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
14
179.80 pm  
15
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm  
18
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol  
8
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Samarium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Gadolinium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)  
35
59.30 (-eV)  
23
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm  
17
508.42 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
15
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)  
4
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
21
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.15  
34
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.24  
99+
11.70  
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
33
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K  
16
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol  
37
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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