Gallium vs Hafnium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Hf
Group Number
13
5
4
14
Period Number
4
6
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1875
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
31
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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