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Gallium vs Hafnium

Gallium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Hf  
Group Number
13  
5
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Cmca  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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