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Gallium Hafnium Comparison


Hafnium Gallium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ga   
Hf   

Group Number
13   
5
4   
14

Period Number
4   
6   

Block
p block   
d block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440586   
30

Space Group Name
Cmca   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
64.00   
9
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   

Discovery
In 1875   
In 1922   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
7 * 10-8 %   
25

Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000001 %   
26

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
37

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
31

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
27

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  

Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   

Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10

Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Gray   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
5.50   
7

Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
1,450.00 MPa   
6

Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5

Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
3,010.00 m/s   
27

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ga   
Hf   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
24   
15
32   
7

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.30   
32

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.23   
25

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.16   
37

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.70   
22

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40

2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
3.90 eV   
27

Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
31   
99+
72   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
31   
99+
72   
99+

Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
106   
29

Number of Electrons
31   
99+
72   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
159.00 pm   
28

Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
175.00 pm   
23

Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
200.00 pm   
28

Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39

Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
13.60 cm3/mol   
38

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Zinc
  
Lutetium
  

Next Element
Rubidium
  
Tantalum
  

Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
81.00 (-eV)   
16

Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
319.64 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
12

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
Not Available   
30.00 GPa   
23

Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
110.00 GPa   
15

Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25

Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.37   
7

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
13.31   
18

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
331.00 nΩ·m   
14

Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39

Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
0.00 kJ/mol   
40

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37

Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
25.73 J/mol·K   
36

Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
23.00 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
661.10 kJ/mol   
5

Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8

Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
703.00 kJ/mol   
5

Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
43.60 J/mol.K   
34

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