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Gallium vs Rubidium

Gallium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Rb   
Group Number
13   
5
1   
17
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
Not Available   
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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