1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405757440586
7429905
54386242
1.3 Space Group Name
1.4 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
By-product Zirconium Refining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,064.43 °C2,150.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C5,400.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa1,520.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
NA2,250.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,216.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
1.2.1 29th Energy Level
1.2.2 30th Energy Level
1.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr1.66 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.5 Electron Work Function
1.6 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.5 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
2.6 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
2.6.1 Crystal Lattice
2.7 Atom
2.7.1 Number of Protons
3.4.2 Number of Neutrons
3.4.4 Number of Electrons
1.2 Radius of an Atom
1.2.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm159.00 pm
112
265
1.2.3 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
1.3.2 Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
1.4 Atomic Weight
196.97 amu178.49 amu
6.94
294
2.3 Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol13.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.5 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.5.1 Previous Element
2.5.2 Next Element
2.6 Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
3.3 Lattice Constant
407.82 pm319.64 pm
228.58
891.25
3.5 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
3.6 Lattice C/A Ratio
4 Mechanical
4.1 Density
4.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm313.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
4.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm312.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
4.2 Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa445.00 MPa
2.5
11000
4.3 Viscosity
4.5 Vapor Pressure
4.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
4.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
4.8 Elasticity properties
4.8.1 Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
4.8.3 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
5.2.2 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa78.00 GPa
1.7
528
5.4 Poisson Ratio
5.5 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
6 Magnetic
6.1 Magnetic Characteristics
6.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
6.1.3 Permeability
6.1.5 Susceptibility
6.2 Electrical Properties
6.2.1 Electrical Property
6.2.2 Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m331.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
6.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
6.2.5 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
7 Thermal
7.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
7.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K25.73 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
7.4 Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K23.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
7.5 Critical Temperature
7.6 Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)5.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
7.7 Enthalpy
7.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol661.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
7.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol25.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
7.7.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
7.8 Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K43.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1