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Gold vs Palladium

Gold
Palladium
Palladium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Pd   
Group Number
11   
7
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
Not Available   
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
79   
37
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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