Palladium vs Gold
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Au
Group Number
10
8
11
7
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Unknown
Discovery
In 1803
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gold
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
2.54
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
79
37
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
118
23
Number of Electrons
46
99+
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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