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Gold vs Rhodium

Gold
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Rh  
Group Number
11  
7
9  
9
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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