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Iron vs Thorium

Iron
Thorium
Thorium vs Iron


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fe   
Th   
Group Number
8   
10
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439896   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
  • The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
Before 5000 BC   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.1 * 10-1 %   
1
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.1 %   
1
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
22.00 %   
1
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.30 %   
2
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
12
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.01 %   
5
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
  • Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
447.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
3
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
380.00 p.p.m.   
5
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,535.00 °C   
25
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C   
37
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
200.00 MPa   
40
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
608.00 MPa   
18
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
5,120.00 m/s   
8
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
65.00 %   
12
Not Available   
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
Ferrite (alpha Iron)   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
beta Iron   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
gamma Iron   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Fe   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.83   
14
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.64   
8
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.80   
12
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.17   
40
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol   
17
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,561.90 kJ/mol   
36
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,957.00 kJ/mol   
29
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,290.00 kJ/mol   
16
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,240.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,560.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,060.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
14,580.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
22,540.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
25,290.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
28,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
31,920.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
34,830.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
37,840.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
44,100.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
47,206.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
122,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
131,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
140,500.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
152,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
163,000.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
173,600.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
188,100.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
24th Energy Level
195,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV   
10
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
26   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d6 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
26   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
30   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
26   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
126.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
55.85 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Manganese
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Cobalt
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
67.00 (-eV)   
20
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
286.65 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.87 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.98 g/cm3   
35
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
11,000.00 MPa   
1
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
36.80 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
82.00 GPa   
11
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa   
10
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
211.00 GPa   
9
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.29   
15
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.20   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
6.3 * 10-3 H/m   
1
Not Available   
Susceptibility
2,00,000.00   
1
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
96.10 nΩ·m   
32
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
20
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
15.70 kJ/mol   
34
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.10 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
80.40 W/m·K   
22
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
351.00 kJ/mol   
23
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.90 kJ/mol   
22
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
414.20 kJ/mol   
19
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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