Lead vs Mercury
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Hg
Group Number
14
4
12
6
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
Not Available
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
Not Available
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
Not Available
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
80
36
Number of Neutrons
125
19
121
22
Number of Electrons
82
34
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
Not Available
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
Not Available
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
75.80 J/mol.K
6
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