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Mercury vs Lead

Mercury
Lead
Lead vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg  
Pb  
Group Number
12  
6
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439976  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
-  
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %  
2
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
-38.83 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
73.00 %  
10
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hg  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81  
17
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.44  
34
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV  
20
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
80  
36
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80  
36
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
121  
23
125  
20
Number of Electrons
80  
36
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm  
99+
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu  
32
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.42  
99+
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3  
25
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm3  
27
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
4
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53  
27
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
20
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K  
33
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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