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Lithium vs Thallium

Lithium
Thallium
Thallium vs Lithium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Li   
Tl   
Group Number
1   
17
13   
5
Period Number
2   
6   
Block
s block   
p block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7439932   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
  • Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan August Arfwedson   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-7 %   
18
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.00017 %   
11
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
  • it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
27
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
1.30 p.p.m.   
17
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
180.54 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,347.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.60   
21
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa   
99+
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
6,000.00 m/s   
3
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Li   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
8   
30
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.98   
99+
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89   
26
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97   
38
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.97   
19
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.91   
99+
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.02   
8
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.10 kJ/mol   
3
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
11,815.00 kJ/mol   
4
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
2.90 eV   
37
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
3   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
3   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
4   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
3   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
152.00 pm   
31
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
182.00 pm   
35
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
6.94 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
No Previous Element   
Mercury
  
Next Element
Beryllium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
19.00 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
351.00 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.53 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.51 g/cm3   
99+
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
109.00 (Pa)   
2
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.20 GPa   
99+
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa   
99+
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
4.90 GPa   
99+
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.53   
99+
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
92.80 nΩ·m   
33
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
19
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
59.60 kJ/mol   
16
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
3.60 J/(kg K)   
1
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.86 J/mol·K   
99+
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
84.80 W/m·K   
20
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
3,223.00 K   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
46.00 µm/(m·K)   
7
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
134.70 kJ/mol   
99+
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
160.70 kJ/mol   
99+
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
29.10 J/mol.K   
99+
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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