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Magnesium Thallium Comparison

Magnesium
Thallium
Thallium Magnesium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg  
Tl  
Group Number
2  
16
13  
5
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439954  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1755  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.06 %  
3
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.07 %  
2
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %  
2
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %  
4
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %  
2
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %  
5
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
650.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.49  
37
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
74.00 %  
9
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mg  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31  
32
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32  
24
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37  
30
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.29  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69  
23
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV  
40
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
12  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
12  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa  
29
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
33
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K  
8
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
923.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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