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Manganese vs Gadolinium

Manganese
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Manganese


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn  
Gd  
Group Number
7  
11
0  
18
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439965  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
I_ 43m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
217.00  
5
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1774  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %  
8
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %  
8
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
14
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.  
8
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C  
37
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s  
11
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mn  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55  
26
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60  
10
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.55  
23
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.75  
18
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45  
29
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
30
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol  
40
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol  
30
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol  
32
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol  
1
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol  
6
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol  
5
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol  
5
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
24
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV  
32
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
25  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
25  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
93  
38
Number of Electrons
25  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Chromium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Iron
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)  
2
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm  
1
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa  
11
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
40.00 GPa  
19
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa  
14
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa  
13
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.21  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
12
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)  
11
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,519.00 K  
40
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)  
22
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol  
25
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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