Niobium Copper Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Cu
Group Number
5
13
11
7
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440508
37
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Unknown
Discovery
In 1801
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-6 %
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.00007 %
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.01 %
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.01 %
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
8
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
26.00 p.p.m.
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,084.62 °C
40
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
2,562.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Copper
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
235.00 MPa
38
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
343.00 MPa
28
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
90.00 %
3
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
1.90
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.49
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.85
9
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
2.10
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
745.50 kJ/mol
22
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol
15
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol
15
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,536.00 kJ/mol
12
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
7,700.00 kJ/mol
11
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
9,900.00 kJ/mol
10
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
13,400.00 kJ/mol
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,000.00 kJ/mol
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,200.00 kJ/mol
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available
22,400.00 kJ/mol
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available
25,600.00 kJ/mol
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available
35,600.00 kJ/mol
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available
38,700.00 kJ/mol
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available
42,000.00 kJ/mol
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available
46,700.00 kJ/mol
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available
50,200.00 kJ/mol
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available
53,700.00 kJ/mol
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available
61,100.00 kJ/mol
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available
64,702.00 kJ/mol
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available
163,700.00 kJ/mol
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available
174,100.00 kJ/mol
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
184,900.00 kJ/mol
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
198,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.65 eV
11
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
29
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
29
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
35
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
29
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
128.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
140.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
63.55 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
7.10 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
34.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
361.49 pm
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
8.96 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
8.02 g/cm3
27
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.53 (Pa)
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
48.00 GPa
15
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
140.00 GPa
12
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
120.00 GPa
17
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
8.89
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
5
Susceptibility
Not Available
-9.63 * 10-6
4
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
16.78 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.60 106/cm Ω
2
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.38 J/(kg K)
15
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
24.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
401.00 W/m·K
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)
25
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
283.70 kJ/mol
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
7.11 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
338.90 kJ/mol
29
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
33.20 J/mol.K
99+
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