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Niobium vs Palladium

Niobium
Palladium
Palladium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Pd  
Group Number
5  
13
10  
8
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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