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Palladium vs Niobium

Palladium
Niobium
Niobium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Nb  
Group Number
10  
8
5  
13
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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