Palladium Niobium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Nb
Group Number
10
8
5
13
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Ores of metals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1803
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
46
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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