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Niobium vs Radium

Niobium
Radium
Radium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Ra  
Group Number
5  
13
2  
16
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
-  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
140.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
3,150.00 m/s  
37
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
0.90  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
0.89  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
0.97  
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
0.92  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
138  
17
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
215.00 pm  
6
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
283.00 pm  
5
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
514.80 pm  
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
40.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
2
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
25.00 GPa  
38
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
18
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
973.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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