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Palladium vs Cobalt

Palladium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Co   
Group Number
10   
8
9   
9
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
Not Available   
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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