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Palladium
Palladium

Polonium
Polonium



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Palladium vs Polonium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pd
Po
1.2 Group Number
1016
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
56
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
p block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-​Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74400537440086
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Pm-3m
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00221.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In 1898
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,554.90 °C254.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C962.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.75NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPaNA
Gold
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
1.72NA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
84.00 %NA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pd
Po
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3829
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.202.00
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.351.76
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA2.48
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.592.19
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.00
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/molNA
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NANA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.12 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4684
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4684
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
60125
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4684
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
137.00 pm168.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm140.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm197.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
106.42 amu209.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)NA
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
389.07 pm335.90 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
121.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.39NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.029.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1