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Promethium vs Calcium

Promethium
Calcium
Calcium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Ca   
Group Number
Not Available   
2   
16
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
Not Available   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
Not Available   
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
170.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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