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Promethium vs Yttrium

Promethium
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Y   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440655   
25
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Johan Gadolin   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1794   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-7 %   
17
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,523.00 °C   
27
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
3,337.00 °C   
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
589.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,300.00 m/s   
23
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Y   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.22   
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.65   
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.12   
38
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.78   
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
7th Energy level
Not Available   
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
39   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
39   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
50   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
39   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
190.00 pm   
18
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
88.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
48.00 (-eV)   
30
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
364.74 pm   
31
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
4.27 (Pa)   
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
25.60 GPa   
30
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
41.20 GPa   
30
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
63.50 GPa   
32
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.24   
26
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
4.47   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
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