Symbol
Pm
  
Y
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Not Available
  
P63/mmc
  
Space Group Number
Not Available
  
Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
  
Johan Gadolin
  
Discovery
In 1942
  
In 1794
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
NA
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
NA
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
26
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.07 p.p.m.
  
25
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C
  
99+
1,523.00 °C
  
27
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C
  
31
3,337.00 °C
  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Unknown
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
3,300.00 m/s
  
23
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Pm
  
Y
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol
  
38
5,847.00 kJ/mol
  
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
7,430.00 kJ/mol
  
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
8,970.00 kJ/mol
  
17
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
11,190.00 kJ/mol
  
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
12,450.00 kJ/mol
  
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
14,110.00 kJ/mol
  
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
18,400.00 kJ/mol
  
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
19,900.00 kJ/mol
  
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
36,090.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr
  
36
1.11 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol
  
12
19.80 cm3/mol
  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)
  
39
48.00 (-eV)
  
30
Lattice Constant
Not Available
  
Lattice Angles
Unknown
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3
  
99+
4.47 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
4.24 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
  
0.02 10
6/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
29.60 kJ/mol
  
30
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
  
33
0.30 J/(kg K)
  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
  
26.53 J/mol·K
  
27
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K
  
99+
17.20 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)
  
37
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
  
393.00 kJ/mol
  
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
17.15 kJ/mol
  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol
  
34
418.00 kJ/mol
  
18
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
44.40 J/mol.K
  
33