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Promethium Yttrium Comparison

Promethium
Yttrium
Yttrium Promethium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Y  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440655  
25
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Johan Gadolin  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1794  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,523.00 °C  
27
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
3,337.00 °C  
22
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
589.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
590.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,300.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Y  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.22  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
0.65  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.22  
38
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.78  
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
39  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
50  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
39  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
190.00 pm  
18
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
88.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
48.00 (-eV)  
31
Lattice Constant
-  
364.74 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.57  
39
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
160.00 MPa  
22
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
18
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
4.27 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
25.60 GPa  
37
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
41.20 GPa  
35
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
63.50 GPa  
34
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.24  
26
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
4.47  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,799.00 K  
31
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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