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Radium vs Lead

Radium
Lead
Lead vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Pb  
Group Number
2  
16
14  
4
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
-  
Discovery
In 1898  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
125  
20
Number of Electrons
88  
30
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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