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Radium vs Polonium

Radium
Polonium
Polonium vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Po  
Group Number
2  
16
16  
2
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
125  
20
Number of Electrons
88  
30
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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