Rhodium Rubidium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh
Rb
Group Number
9
9
1
17
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
7440166
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1804
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
Not Available
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C
12
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C
17
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa
9
0.22 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa
9
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s
15
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
16
23
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28
3
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.56
24
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72
99+
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol
29
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
45
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
58
99+
48
99+
Number of Electrons
45
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm
27
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3
28
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3
14
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)
19
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa
6
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa
5
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa
5
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26
22
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.41
20
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol
7
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K
9
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol
12
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol
10
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol
12
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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