Rubidium vs Mercury
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb
Hg
Group Number
1
17
12
6
Period Number
5
6
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440177
99+
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In 1861
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %
17
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
7
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
7
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.
13
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C
99+
Not Available
Boiling Point
688.00 °C
99+
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Grayish White
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.30
24
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa
99+
Not Available
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s
99+
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
Not Available
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31
32
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89
40
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69
24
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
0.71
99+
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV
99+
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37
99+
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
37
99+
80
36
Number of Neutrons
48
99+
121
22
Number of Electrons
37
99+
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm
2
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm
4
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm
3
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu
99+
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol
2
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)
99+
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm
10
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3
99+
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa
99+
Not Available
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa
99+
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.53
99+
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m
26
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol
24
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K
5
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K
26
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K
4
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K
5
75.80 J/mol.K
6
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