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Mercury vs Rubidium

Mercury
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg  
Rb  
Group Number
12  
6
1  
17
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7439976  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %  
2
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %  
9
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
-38.83 °C  
99+
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C  
99+
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
73.00 %  
10
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hg  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81  
17
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.44  
34
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV  
20
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
80  
36
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80  
36
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
121  
23
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
80  
36
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu  
32
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm  
99+
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.42  
99+
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3  
25
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm3  
27
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
4
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa  
99+
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53  
27
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
20
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K  
33
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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