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Mercury vs Rubidium

Mercury
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg   
Rb   
Group Number
12   
6
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7439976   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %   
9
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available   
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Grayish White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
3
Not Available   
Reflectivity
73.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81   
9
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.44   
30
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV   
15
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80   
36
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80   
36
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
121   
22
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
80   
36
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu   
32
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3   
24
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
0.00   
1
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53   
16
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K   
6
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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