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Rubidium vs Nickel

Rubidium
Nickel
Nickel vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Ni  
Group Number
1  
17
10  
8
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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