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Rubidium vs Palladium

Rubidium
Palladium
Palladium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb   
Pd   
Group Number
1   
17
10   
8
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440177   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %   
17
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
19
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
Not Available   
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
688.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Grayish White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30   
24
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa   
99+
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82   
99+
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31   
32
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89   
40
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69   
24
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.71   
99+
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18   
3
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV   
99+
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
48   
99+
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
37   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm   
2
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm   
4
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm   
3
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm   
10
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa   
99+
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa   
99+
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53   
99+
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K   
26
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K   
4
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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