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Rubidium vs Palladium

Rubidium
Palladium
Palladium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Pd  
Group Number
1  
17
10  
8
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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