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Palladium vs Rubidium

Palladium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Rb  
Group Number
10  
8
1  
17
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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