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Rubidium vs Rhodium

Rubidium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Rh  
Group Number
1  
17
9  
9
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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