Ruthenium Lead Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Pb
Group Number
8
10
14
4
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Unknown
Discovery
In 1844
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
Not Available
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
38.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
44
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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