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Ruthenium vs Lead

Ruthenium
Lead
Lead vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Pb  
Group Number
8  
10
14  
4
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
-  
Discovery
In 1844  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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