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Ruthenium vs Radium

Ruthenium
Radium
Radium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Ra  
Group Number
8  
10
2  
16
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
-  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
23
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
140.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,150.00 m/s  
37
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.00  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.90  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.89  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
0.97  
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
0.92  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
138  
17
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
215.00 pm  
6
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
283.00 pm  
5
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
514.80 pm  
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
40.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
2
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
25.00 GPa  
38
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
18
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
973.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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