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Scandium vs Palladium

Scandium
Palladium
Palladium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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