Palladium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Sc
Group Number
10
8
3
15
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1803
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
Not Available
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
46
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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