Symbol
Sc
  
Sr
  
Period Number
4
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Alkaline Earth
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
  
William Cruickshank
  
Discovery
In 1879
  
In 1787
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
  
16
~0.000005 %
  
15
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
  
19
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
34
140.00 p.p.m.
  
7
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
  
24
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
  
35
1,384.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Sc
  
Sr
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
549.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,064.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
4,138.00 kJ/mol
  
10
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
  
6
5,500.00 kJ/mol
  
13
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
  
6
6,910.00 kJ/mol
  
18
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
  
7
8,760.00 kJ/mol
  
18
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
  
8
10,230.00 kJ/mol
  
19
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
  
11
11,800.00 kJ/mol
  
19
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
  
14
15,600.00 kJ/mol
  
17
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
  
13
17,100.00 kJ/mol
  
19
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
  
16
31,270.00 kJ/mol
  
6
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.64 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
  
[Kr] 5s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
  
34
33.70 cm3/mol
  
6
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
  
24
25.70 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
  
99+
2.64 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
  
99+
2.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
NA
  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
  
10
132.00 nΩ·m
  
24
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω
  
26
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
  
33
5.03 kJ/mol
  
38
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
  
8
0.30 J/(kg K)
  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
  
37
26.40 J/mol·K
  
28
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
  
99+
35.40 W/m·K
  
37
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
  
39
22.50 µm/(m·K)
  
18
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
  
28
150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
  
25
9.16 kJ/mol
  
38
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
  
28
163.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
  
99+
55.00 J/mol.K
  
26