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Silver Hafnium Comparison

Silver
Hafnium
Hafnium Silver comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag  
Hf  
Group Number
11  
7
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440224  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
Before 5000 BC  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.  
24
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
961.93 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.16  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
97.00 %  
1
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ag  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93  
10
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83  
14
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47  
28
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.87  
10
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
10
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
22
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
17
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
35
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
29
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
23
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
28
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV  
27
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
47  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
47  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
61  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
47  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm  
38
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Palladium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Cadmium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm  
23
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
26
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3  
37
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa  
21
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa  
16
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.50  
39
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
32
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K  
1
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,235.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol  
37
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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