Sodium vs Ruthenium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Na
Ru
Group Number
1
17
8
10
Period Number
3
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440235
99+
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1807
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %
6
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %
6
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %
6
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %
5
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %
1
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %
3
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
1
Not Available
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.
2
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
883.00 °C
99+
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.50
22
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa
99+
2,160.00 MPa
3
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s
24
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93
99+
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56
30
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01
35
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91
21
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.87
99+
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07
6
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol
4
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol
6
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV
40
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
11
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
57
99+
Number of Electrons
11
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm
27
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm
21
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol
10
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm
19
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3
99+
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3
99+
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa
99+
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa
99+
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa
99+
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.97
99+
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
99+
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
9
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol
19
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)
3
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
10
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K
11
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K
2
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)
4
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol
99+
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol
99+
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol
99+
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K
28
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
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