Sodium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Na
Sc
Group Number
1
17
3
15
Period Number
3
4
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440235
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1807
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %
6
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %
6
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %
6
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %
5
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %
1
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %
3
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
1
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.
2
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
883.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.50
22
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa
99+
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s
24
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93
99+
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56
30
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01
35
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91
21
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.87
99+
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07
6
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol
4
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol
6
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol
5
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol
4
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol
4
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol
4
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol
4
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol
4
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol
2
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol
2
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV
40
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
11
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
11
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm
27
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm
21
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol
10
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm
19
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa
99+
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa
99+
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa
99+
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.97
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
99+
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
9
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol
19
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)
3
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
10
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K
11
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K
2
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)
4
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol
99+
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol
99+
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol
99+
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K
28
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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