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Sodium vs Thulium

Sodium
Thulium
Thulium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Tm  
Group Number
1  
17
3  
15
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
100  
33
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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