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Thallium vs Magnesium

Thallium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Mg  
Group Number
13  
5
2  
16
Period Number
6  
3  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7439954  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Joseph Black  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1755  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %  
32
6 * 10-2 %  
2
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.07 %  
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
12.00 %  
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
2.90 %  
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.13 %  
2
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.03 %  
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
33
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
650.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
1,107.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
NA  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
20
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
260.00 MPa  
36
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
11
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
74.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Mg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
15  
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
21
1.31  
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
5
1.32  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
17
1.23  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
6
1.37  
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
13
1.29  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.69  
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
7th Energy level
Not Available  
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
28
3.66 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81  
35
12  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Ne] 3s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
12  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
20
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
12  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
22
160.00 pm  
27
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
39
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
30
173.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
24.31 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
31
13.97 cm3/mol  
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
320.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
6
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
31
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
13
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
17.00 GPa  
37
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
28
45.00 GPa  
25
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
45.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.29  
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
22
1.74  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
32
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
32
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
29
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
156.00 W/m·K  
8
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
8.95 kJ/mol  
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
19
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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