Symbol
W
  
Gd
  
Period Number
6
  
6
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Lanthanide
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
- Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
  
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Not Available
  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
  
Discovery
In 1781
  
In 1880
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
~0.0000002 %
  
25
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
- Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
  
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
35
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
  
35
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
  
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Grayish White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
2,000.00 MPa
  
4
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
3,430.00 MPa
  
1
Speed of Sound
4,620.00 m/s
  
16
2,680.00 m/s
  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
W
  
Gd
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol
  
16
593.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,700.00 kJ/mol
  
29
1,170.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
1,990.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
4,250.00 kJ/mol
  
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.14 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr
  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
9.53 cm3/mol
  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
140.00 (-eV)
  
5
46.10 (-eV)
  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.25 g/cm3
  
16
7.90 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Ferromagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
52.80 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω
  
10
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
78.60 kJ/mol
  
13
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.27 J/mol·K
  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K
  
2
Thermal Conductivity
173.00 W/m·K
  
7
10.60 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
4.50 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
799.10 kJ/mol
  
1
359.40 kJ/mol
  
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
35.23 kJ/mol
  
1
10.05 kJ/mol
  
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
837.00 kJ/mol
  
1
352.00 kJ/mol
  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K
  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K
  
16