Tungsten Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
W
Hf
Group Number
6
12
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440337
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
- Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Not Available
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1781
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
- Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
31
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
35
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
3,410.00 °C
1
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
5,660.00 °C
1
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
7.50
2
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
2,000.00 MPa
4
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
3,430.00 MPa
1
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
4,620.00 m/s
16
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
62.00 %
13
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
W
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
33
6
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.36
2
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.98
23
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.40
19
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.47
29
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.64
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol
16
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,700.00 kJ/mol
29
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.14 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.55 eV
13
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
74
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
74
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
110
27
106
29
Number of Electrons
74
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm
39
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm
29
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
183.84 amu
37
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
9.53 cm3/mol
99+
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
140.00 (-eV)
5
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
316.52 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.25 g/cm3
16
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.60 g/cm3
5
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa
10
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
161.00 GPa
5
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
310.00 GPa
4
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
411.00 GPa
4
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.28
17
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.22
9
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
52.80 nΩ·m
99+
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω
10
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
78.60 kJ/mol
13
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.27 J/mol·K
99+
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
173.00 W/m·K
7
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
4.50 µm/(m·K)
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
799.10 kJ/mol
1
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
35.23 kJ/mol
1
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
837.00 kJ/mol
1
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K
99+
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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