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Tungsten vs Hafnium

Tungsten
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Tungsten


Periodic Table
Symbol
W  
Hf  
Group Number
6  
12
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440337  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
  • Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1781  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
  • Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
40
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,410.00 °C  
1
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
5,660.00 °C  
1
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.50  
2
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
2,000.00 MPa  
4
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
3,430.00 MPa  
3
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
4,620.00 m/s  
20
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.10  
11
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
62.00 %  
21
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
W  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.36  
3
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.98  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.40  
20
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.36  
3
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.47  
33
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.64  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
16
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,700.00 kJ/mol  
30
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,045.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
8
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
77,000.00 kJ/mol  
18
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
77,000.00 kJ/mol  
13
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
34
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
31
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
25
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
15
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
13
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.14 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.55 eV  
18
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
74  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
74  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
110  
28
106  
30
Number of Electrons
74  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm  
31
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
183.84 amu  
37
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
9.53 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tantalum
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rhenium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
140.00 (-eV)  
5
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
316.52 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.29  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.25 g/cm3  
16
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.60 g/cm3  
15
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa  
11
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
1
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
161.00 GPa  
5
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
310.00 GPa  
4
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
411.00 GPa  
4
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.22  
18
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
52.80 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
10
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
78.60 kJ/mol  
15
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.27 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
173.00 W/m·K  
7
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,695.00 K  
1
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
4.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
799.10 kJ/mol  
1
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
35.23 kJ/mol  
1
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
837.00 kJ/mol  
1
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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