Yttrium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Hf
Group Number
3
15
4
14
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440586
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1794
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
Not Available
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
39
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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