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Yttrium vs Cerium

Yttrium
Cerium
Cerium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Ce   
Group Number
3   
15
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.12   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.08   
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
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