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Zirconium vs Rutherfordium

Zirconium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Rf   
Group Number
4   
14
4   
14
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
53850365   
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1964   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
2,100.00 °C   
11
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
5,500.00 °C   
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Lustrous   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Rf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
104   
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
104   
14
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
157   
7
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
104   
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
150.00 pm   
33
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
157.00 pm   
31
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
267.00 amu   
11
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
23.20 g/cm3   
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
Not Available   
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