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Zirconium vs Rutherfordium

Zirconium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Rf  
Group Number
4  
14
4  
14
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Lustrous  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
-  
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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